Effect of Collective and Council ownership on social and ecological indicators in wintery rangelands of Iran

Modifying human activities is key to achieving land degradation neutrality in rangelands. Rangeland stakeholders encompass different ownership regimes; however, little known about whether models benefit or degrade social conditions and ecosystem services the Middle East. The aim of this research was determine effects Collective Council on ecological indicators wintery rangeland Iran. study included a network analysis 187 communal rangelands Kalat (NE Iran). We considered variables such as density, reciprocity, transitivity, geodesic distance E–I (external–internal) degree centrality combined with condition, forage yield trend range condition. stocking rate 2.43 AU ha?1 0.94 for rangelands, both exceeding recommended carrying capacity. Herbage mass canopy cover were higher (247 kg/ha; 59%) than (140 48.3%). Density (47.6% 48.6%) reciprocity (54.2% 53.7%) but lower (1.5 1.7–1.8) trust collaboration ties. showed more bridging ties (55%) council (27.5%), suggesting they would be resilient when problems occur. It concluded that capital richer which creates willingness operators contribute participatory management improve their Finally suggested new tools policies, possible financial pedagogic support provided increase outcomes.